Sharks are so old that I've seen other comparisons, had never seen the milky way one before, that's very interesting, the other ones I knew is that sharks are older than:
The rings of Saturn
Trees
So when sharks first evolved Saturn had no rings and trees didn't exist yet.
Sharks also predate basically all big recognizable surface geology features on earth. They're way older than the Grand Canyon or the Himalayas. It kind of makes sense once you realize they date back to the Pangea supercontinent.
Also, biologically modern humans are much older than Niagara Falls.
Or at least, didn’t have its current rings. I could be wrong but couldn’t it have torn apart other moons to create a different set of rings that then degraded over time?
The shark fact is impressive though. I like to tell folks that the galaxy is so big that the solar system hasn't even made 1/4 of an orbit since the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct. Might add some perspective.
Nitpick: there are many species of shark so maybe you meant taxonomic genus or family.
Part of the western Florida panhandle (WFP) is on Central time. Part of southeastern Oregon (SEO) is on Mountain time. That puts them one hour apart.
In the fall, when we go back into Standard Time, when the clock hits 2am, you flip the clock back to 1am.
So, during a normal night, WFP would be at 2am and SEO would be 1am. But on the night the time changes, WFP hits 2am and immediately flips their clocks back to 1am - which means that, for one hour a year (until SEO hits 2am and flips their clocks back), part of Florida and part of Oregon's clocks are showing the exact same time.
I kinda struggled over how to word this - they're not in the same time zone, but for this one hour they might as well be.
Well the specifics are the lineage which includes sharks, we found stuff that might be sharks but hard to prove are definitely sharks that's 450 million years old (fossil sharklike scales)
And, this is copypaste from Snopes:
The earliest known fossil evidence of sharks (or their ancestors) are "shark-like scales" that date back to 450 million years ago, according to the National History Museum in London. However, whether these scales adorned "true sharks" or "shark-like animals" is an issue debated by the scientific community.
Nonetheless, scientists largely agree that, according to DNA evidence, living sharks, rays, and deep-sea fish called chimeras likely began evolving around 420 million years ago.
"Shark" is not a species. A whaleshark is a species. A tigershark is a species. "Shark", representing multiple species of shark, is a division, specifically the Selachii division.
The Selachii division is 200 million years old. One galactic year for Sol is 225 million years old. This means that sharks, as we know them, have not existed as a division for two galactic years, barely even for one! Horshoe crabs have been around for 250 million years nearly completely unchanged by evolution, so they have been around for one galactic year... But nobody ever seems to talk about them...
Officially, what came before sharks are classified as a different division with "shark-like morphology", but they aren't sharks.
Sharks have existed for longer than the North Star, though. So there's that.
The oldest fossils known are stromatolite fossils from 3.48 billion years ago. There are living stromatolites today. They predate Earth having significant oxygen in its atmosphere, because the cyanobacteria that formed them created the oxygen gas through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide. They've orbited the galaxy over fifteen times.
Trees are 385 million years old. Sharks are 200 million years old. Trees still out-date sharks.
Although... Trees have evolved multiple times in Earth's history... So sharks are certainly older than certain trees. But not older than the whole tree concept thing.
My favorite geography fact is that, if you're on the northern edge of Brazil, you're actually closer to Canada than you are to the southern border of Brazil.
My favourite geography fact is that when traveling along the Panama canal from the Caribbean sea to the Pacific, you're further east when you exit than when you entered.
Time being a physical dimension in spacetime that can stretch and squish and 'now' isn't the same for every observer is probably the least intuitive one I know
“You want my thesis? I hate college!! My thesis is going to be about taking a SHIT up your ASS!”
(Four years later)
“Wow, Mr. Blake! The results of your medical trial were astounding! These are excellent results!”
“Wait…huh?”
The quark flavors were given their names for several reasons. The up and down quarks are named after the up and down components of isospin, which they carry.[60] Strange quarks were given their name because they were discovered to be components of the strange particles discovered in cosmic rays years before the quark model was proposed; these particles were deemed "strange" because they had unusually long lifetimes.[61] Glashow, who co-proposed the charm quark with Bjorken, is quoted as saying, "We called our construct the 'charmed quark', for we were fascinated and pleased by the symmetry it brought to the subnuclear world."[62] The names "top" and "bottom", coined by Harari, were chosen because they are "logical partners for up and down quarks".[41][42][61] Alternative names for top and bottom quarks are "truth" and "beauty",[nb 4] but these names have somewhat fallen out of use.[66] While "truth" never did catch on, accelerator complexes devoted to massive production of bottom quarks are sometimes called "beauty factories".
The word “exosphere” was proposed by Lyman Spitzer to designate the outer part of a planetary atmosphere, defined as the region where the density is low enough to describe it as a collisionless region. Since the beginning of the space era, it was discovered that the major neutral constituent of Earth's exosphere is atomic hydrogen, and Shklovsky (1959) coined the word “geocorona” to designate the H component of the exosphere.
I didn't read the whole paper obviously but this part makes it sound like you're talking about the exosphere in which, by definition, there might be more gas molecules than elsewhere but few enough that they're unlikely to run into them, or they're unlikely to run into each other maybe IDK.
Obviously, if there was a significant atmosphere the moon would experience atmospheric drag and would fall to earth.
Obviously, if there was a significant atmosphere the moon would experience atmospheric drag and would fall to earth.
Would it?
The Moon is slowly drifting further away because Earth's rotation is significantly faster than the lunar orbit. Some of Earth's rotational energy is bled into the lunar orbit, causing it to increase in height, which in turn lowers its orbital period.
If there was a significant atmosphere for Earth at that height, you'd think it would actually give the Moon a boost
It depends what you mean. Testosterone makes a difference. It improves blood oxygen levels and cardio capacity, and it increases strength (it's a steroid).
And depending on the context, the difference is larger. Men tend to have stronger hand grip than women for example, to the extent, there is very little overlap. But if you look at leg strength, the distributions are different, but they overlap significantly. And when you start to look at things like long distance endurance events, the distributions are even closer.
However, none of those things align with "men" or "women". They align with "the dominant sex hormone in your body", and your capacity shifts as your sex hormones shift.
I recall many years a group arm wrestle competition we all got into.
Men and women, we were all having fun.
Without exception, every single guy beat every single woman. And usually easily.
I'm genuinely surprised by your statement.
I also do pilates regularly. I'm a pretty avg size guy. I'm higher in strength setups (springs, angles, etc) than nearly everyone there, except the other men.
I would say the women in my class are incredibly strong. They have excellent muscle development, and compared to non fitness folk, are almost intimidating.
But, by and large, they're not as strong as the men in the class for raw power.
The maximum output of a person with testosterone is higher, but funnily enough going on MtF HRT one of the main focus is to reduce the levels of testosterone, in fact in most tests trans MtF athletes have lower T levels than cis female athletes
Also glycol poisoning. Like if you drink antifreeze for your car, one treatment is to drink a bunch of alcohol so the liver processes the alcohol and not the ethelyne glycol.
::: spoiler spoiler
Everything about us is young in the context of the wider universe. Human society, the human species, the planet earth, our solar system, our sun. We live near the dawn of creation, even though our universe feels unimaginably old compared to our brief lives. As the skies darken and all the stars burn out, that will take course over a time period longer than our individual solar system will last. When the last light goes out, time doesn't stop, no the universe goes on and there's an even longer period of endless empty inky blackness, the deep void. In the end, the universe may spend significantly more time as an endless dead void than it ever did as a universe with hope of life and at least one planet with confirmed organic life. There is no escaping it, and there is probably no way for our species to even survive and adapt to that era as it is.
:::
We could be the great scourge of this part of the universe. Expanding recklessly through galaxies in the local group, leaving only the dead husks of stars that have been stripped of all usable energy. The exponential nature of scientific discovery means that not only do we have a head start, our head start compounds as time progresses. We become a horrific but very efficient war machine for the sole purpose of controlling and exploiting all available forms of energy for profit. We seem like we're on that path.
To be fair its likely to be the most probable answer.
Whilst intelligent life is probably quite common at specific points in time, it isnt common at the same time, and if it is the distances involved are so vast it means we will never know they exist.
The best we can hope for in all likelihood is that we stumble on the ruins of some other species that died out millions of years ago.
Or we stumble on a bunch of blue monkeys who are as intelligent as dogs, but in 50 million years they will be the ones finding the ruins of our civilisation.
The flip side of this is that black hole entropy farming could keep simulated human consciousness alive for billions of years orbiting just outside the event horizon as we transition into the early stages of heat death, meaning that if this is possible, the statistically overwhelming portion of all human consciousness will exist in this state, making it a near statistic certainty that is what you are currently experiencing.
And it's the most likely solution. The universe has been hostile to life until very recently (on a cosmological scale). We know we're rather early in the goldilocks zone of universal habitability.
I just find it odd when some people argue "humans aren't special enough to be that lucky. We're too stupid to achieve more". It's odd because calling humans stupid is actually arguing that humans are exceptional. Meanwhile you don't have to be exceptional to be lucky.
And if you're wondering, it's Lex Friedman that argues this. And no, I don't listen to him anymore. I stopped once over 50% of the people he interviewed were just AI and crypto shills
That's not an answer, because if life is common, then the chance of us being the first is minuscule.
Lets say that life can only form around main sequence G type stars (ie, like our sun). There is no reason to believe this is true, but lets say it is for this example. The universe is 14 billion years old, and the sun is 4.5 billion years old. Lets round it to 4 billion years old when life first formed.
Now, the earliest G type stars formed approximately 1 billion years after the universe formed. Lets say that life can only develop when those stars were at least 4 billion years old. That puts the earliest possible scenario where life formed at 5 billion years after the universe formed, and that was 9 billion years ago. Low balling it, there are approximately 7 billion g type main sequence stars current in our galaxy.
All together, that means the chance of us simply being the first is very low, and if we are the first, then life isn't common, and if life isn't common, the underlying reason for that is the answer to the fermi paradox.
Hey guys, did you know that in terms of male human and female Pokémon breeding, Vaporeon is the most compatible Pokémon for humans? Not only are they in the field egg group, which is mostly comprised of mammals, Vaporeon are an average of 3”03’ tall and 63.9 pounds, this means they’re large enough to be able handle human dicks, and with their impressive Base Stats for HP and access to Acid Armor, you can be rough with one. Due to their mostly water based biology, there’s no doubt in my mind that an aroused Vaporeon would be incredibly wet, so wet that you could easily have sex with one for hours without getting sore. They can also learn the moves Attract, Baby-Doll Eyes, Captivate, Charm, and Tail Whip, along with not having fur to hide nipples, so it’d be incredibly easy for one to get you in the mood. With their abilities Water Absorb and Hydration, they can easily recover from fatigue with enough water. No other Pokémon comes close to this level of compatibility. Also, fun fact, if you pull out enough, you can make your Vaporeon turn white. Vaporeon is literally built for human dick. Ungodly defense stat+high HP pool+Acid Armor means it can take cock all day, all shapes and sizes and still come for more
And? I talk to non-art students. If you never have to think about it, most people won't. I promise you, there are plenty of "obvious" topics you are oblivious to and misunderstand. We all have them.
Really shitty ones are. High quality grow lights use full-spectrum lights including far-red and infrared, and are proven to be more effective than the so called "blurple" temu lights
And you can see sooo much of the infrared and ultraviolet part of the spectrum. What you see is still a kind of pinkish-violet.
By the way, no LED based light is "full spectrum". That is a common lie. Growth lights have violet-blue LEDs in the 200-400nm range, and red ones in the 600-800nm range.
If you do a spectrum analysis of any LED light, you will see distinctive, narrow peaks around the LEDs core frequencies, usually with a bandwidth of 12-40nm.
purple i believe would be pretty extreme. in SGU show they found a planet with purple plants because of the red dwarf. there are plenty of plants irl that are purple though.
We absolutely would. Aside from the fact that our sun is called A Yellow Sun both colloquially and in astronomy (source: took astronomy, was in astronomy club, still have astronomy textbooks that say "Our sun is a yellow sun,") I'm not sure you know what an emission spectrum is.
Why would we see other colours? Because there are elements that emit different wavelengths when heated, and like, uranium and shit.
I've not heard the term emission spectrum before today but it isn't hard to understand what it is if you're interested in astronomy and science like the two of us are.
Interesting detail about emitting light when heated, but surely that isn't particularly common and powerful enough to show the variety of color we see with our white-light sun?
Why are you being so condescending in this thread and still missing the root of the point? The sun's emission spectrum has more green in the visible band than the other colors. The emission spectrum you keep mentioning. By wavelength distribution, the sun would be "green". But, because our eyes are terrible spectrometers with bad wavelength resolution but we still like to use crayon descriptions, all the red and green gets interpreted as a combined yellow. You made a snobby comment about how all your art students understand how paint (subtractive) color works, but are you aware how light (additive) color works? Like why an RGB light can make yellow with red and green? Because that's what makes our yellow sun "green" by certain metrics.
So it stands to reason that if plants were predominantly green on Earth to reject and regulate green-wavelength energy from our sun, a red dwarf, which has more red output, could cause red plants to develop.
A red dwarf isn't exactly red. Our sun isn't exactly yellow. Our sun isn't exactly green, either.
Lots of plants which are naturally adapted to shade growth actually do turn redish in direct light. Lots of the more exotic and fancy looking ferns and begonias get their unique patterns and colors from this being bred into the cultivar.
If the song you listened to was "Why Does the Sun Shine," you should know they didn't actually write that one (it's from a 50's educational record they liked as kids) and it's not very representative of their ouvre. They've even released a follow-up track ("Why does the sun really shine?") which corrects a lot of that one. It starts with the line "The sun is a miasma of incandescent plasma, the sun's not simply made out of gas, no no!"
Every single one of us is travelling through space on a tiny speck of dirt, circling a permanent explosion that doesn't know how to stop itself at 30km/s.
That explosion and multiple specks of dirt besides our own dance around the center of the galaxy in a complex ballet with 200 billion other permanently exploding balls of fire and plasma, many of which are sizeably larger than ours and also have collected pieces of dirt circling around them, at a speed of 200km/s.
The center of this agglomeration of giant balls of fire and dirt is a... thing... that is in itself so massive it can't help eating everything that comes near including suns, light, and the concept of time.
And there, travelling around the center of the galaxy at 200km/s, spiraling around your sun at 30km/s, there is you. And somehow you have to work tomorrow.
I like this fact and as a geologist I’m a little numb to facts about the Earth. At some level, all land on Earth has a volcanic origin by virtue of us having a molten core, a rigid mantle, and a crusty crust that seeps magma/lava. Time metamorphoses and sediments the rock in different ways. Antarctica just had the misfortune of migrating to the South Pole where millions of years of snow fall lead to its icy encapsulation.
Hemochromatosis, too. Body doesn't eliminate iron so it can build up in organs, notably liver and kidneys.
The treatment is bloodletting. My wife wanted to get leeches. I settled for just donating 32 times in the first year after finding out. My ferritin count was 9 times the usual max for a man my age. My gallbladder fluid was carrying iron. I was Iron Man.
people still believe the moon landing/launches are all cgi made up even to this day, seems very prominent amongst older asians believing in this conspiracy.
so like, there's a whole lot of nothing to do out in the boonies. talking about conspiracy theories and making up new ones is fun entertainment. now believing in them? you always got someone who takes shit too seriously and needs to be taken aside, have things explained to. but most of the folk take the stories like you would a radio show, movie, or sermon.
Yeah, most people don't believe in them. But a concerning amount of people do. I've been keeping up with conspiracy people since early 2010s. There's a huge amount of idiots who take that shit seriously. They are mostly led by grifters who sell snake oil to the morons but some of the leaders are also absolute imbeciles who believe this shit.
Sometimes its genuinely scary how many there are. If I had to guess, I'd say about 15-20% of people believe on one or more stupid conspiracy theory. Thats a LOT.
my mother used to listen to art bell "to laugh at the weirdos" (until i noticed and pointed out the racism in the show) but we did enjoy listening to a good bigfoot or ufo story. especially since my extended family had a bigfoot costume we liked to bust out at family reunions. you had to be in your 40s or... i don't know what i did to get the secret insider knowledge it was a costume and not actually bigfoot. I think everyone thought i was going to die so i got all the family secrets early.
Yeah I know a few people who like to watch/listen to the conspiracy weirdos for entertainment. And thats fine.
I used to read conspiracy theories in the same way I used to read ghost stories and such. It was just a different kind of fiction, something that felt that it could be real. These days the stupidity is too much and I can't deal with getting the stuff from the source, I have to use intermediates like Professor Dave Explains, SciManDan, etc youtube channel people.
Similarly, ethanol can help protect you from the poisonous effects of methanol (wood alcohol). Methanol by itself isn’t actually harmful, but it gets broken down into harmful byproducts that will make you go blind and then kill you.
The enzyme responsible for breaking down methanol is also used to break down ethanol. And enzymes have a limited capacity for work. In other words, they can only break down a certain number of molecules at any given time. And the enzyme is more compatible with ethanol than methanol.
So if you suspect someone drank methanol, (it is a common ingredient in antifreeze), you should have them start taking shots. Pump them full of as much liquor as possible, as quickly as possible. Get them absolutely shitfaced ASAP, and keep them wasted until they get to the hospital. It will prevent the vast majority of the methanol from being broken down, which will prevent the actual poisoning from happening.
It's ethylene glycol that's commonly in antifreeze, but ethanol protects against that too. I believe methanol is common in windshield wiper fluid, though.
Pretty much. Mazda had an issue with spiders attracted to gasoline clogging up fuel systems while being shipped overseas. And soy-based wire sheathing is apparently quite the delicacy to certain animals.
At standard temperature and pressure, the iron. You gave a unit of mass but asked which weighs more. The feathers are more buoyant. Both negatively buoyant in air of course, but the feathers less so.
I saw a video a while back of a pair of young women in a car. Passenger says to driver how many miles do you drive if you're driving 60mph, for one hour. She really couldn't figure it out.
Huh, I swear there was an article earlier this month about them finally discovering that eels temporarily grow sex organs to mate, but it looks like they discovered spawning grounds in '22.
But ambiguity arraises from the lack of a coherent explanation, because there are so many parameters to consider when doing the experiment (especially when doing this with water). Therefore hot liquids can freeze faster than cold ones. Its not a must. That it can happen is proven. A quite entertaining read about the general phenomenon can be found here
No, it doesn't. The ambiguity rises from the fact that it's not that repeatable. There are many experiments that don't find this phenomenon to exist when they test it. Then there's some that do. That's the problem.
My memory is that the majority of them find that it doesn't exist and that a small minority find that it does.
traveling back in time is not mathematically disallowed by the general relativity.
in fact there is a lot of work done on the topic, and lots of potential scenarios proposed (which usually involve describing the space-time warped into weird 4D shapes). what GR does tell you is what kind of matter/energy would produce such spaces (since in GR these two are intertwined), and that's kind of where common sense works again: most proposed geometries do require either negative energy densities or mathematical singularities (which to be fair are not impossible, but we kinda never seen that, aside from dark energy).
on the other hand -- faster-than-light travel is also possible -- albeit with similar constraints.
i didn't mean purely mathematically. but from the physics standpoint. in other words, if you provide enough dark energy and shape it into a specific configuration, it will generate space-time where time travel is possible in practice.
"Well, it's a purely theoretical substance. But theoretically we've got more of that than all the regular energy in the known universe."
and shape it into a specific configuration
I want to say that'll be the easy part, but I guess it really depends how abstract of a shape we're talking about and how malleable dark energy ends up being.
Modern physics is full of assumptions and placeholders for the generally accepted theories to work such the dark matter, dark energy, the inflation field, quantum gravity and gravitons etc...
We don't really know what they are, they are basically mathematical requirements for the currently accepted theories to work.
For one hour each year, part of Florida and part of Oregon have the exact same time on their clocks.
Sharks have existed long enough as a species to have orbited the entire Milky Way Galaxy - twice.
Sharks are so old that I've seen other comparisons, had never seen the milky way one before, that's very interesting, the other ones I knew is that sharks are older than:
So when sharks first evolved Saturn had no rings and trees didn't exist yet.
Sharks also predate basically all big recognizable surface geology features on earth. They're way older than the Grand Canyon or the Himalayas. It kind of makes sense once you realize they date back to the Pangea supercontinent.
Also, biologically modern humans are much older than Niagara Falls.
To be fair, that's only about 140 years.
Sharks preceding trees is 🤯
Or at least, didn’t have its current rings. I could be wrong but couldn’t it have torn apart other moons to create a different set of rings that then degraded over time?
Trees are 385 million years old. Sharks are 200 million years old. Trees still out-date sharks.
I don't understand the clock one.
The shark fact is impressive though. I like to tell folks that the galaxy is so big that the solar system hasn't even made 1/4 of an orbit since the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct. Might add some perspective.
Nitpick: there are many species of shark so maybe you meant taxonomic genus or family.
Part of the western Florida panhandle (WFP) is on Central time. Part of southeastern Oregon (SEO) is on Mountain time. That puts them one hour apart.
In the fall, when we go back into Standard Time, when the clock hits 2am, you flip the clock back to 1am.
So, during a normal night, WFP would be at 2am and SEO would be 1am. But on the night the time changes, WFP hits 2am and immediately flips their clocks back to 1am - which means that, for one hour a year (until SEO hits 2am and flips their clocks back), part of Florida and part of Oregon's clocks are showing the exact same time.
I kinda struggled over how to word this - they're not in the same time zone, but for this one hour they might as well be.
Ah okay, I get it now. You explained that perfectly, thanks! That's a good weird geography fact.
Wouldn’t they be aligned twice per year?
I think when it flips the other way they get an extra hour further apart.
It's not as impressive because Florida is further east, but the four Michigan counties that border Wisconsin experience the same thing.
Well the specifics are the lineage which includes sharks, we found stuff that might be sharks but hard to prove are definitely sharks that's 450 million years old (fossil sharklike scales)
And, this is copypaste from Snopes:
Worth pointing out that this is the shark lineage and not modern sharks. Sharks have evolved a lot over the last several hundred million years
In the same sense, jellyfish are older than sharks, and sponges are the oldest still-extant animal lineage. Or just sounds cooler to say sharks
no it's this one named gary and he's a dick. you know, mean shark gary?
Now that's cool.
CORRECTION!!
"Shark" is not a species. A whaleshark is a species. A tigershark is a species. "Shark", representing multiple species of shark, is a division, specifically the Selachii division.
The Selachii division is 200 million years old. One galactic year for Sol is 225 million years old. This means that sharks, as we know them, have not existed as a division for two galactic years, barely even for one! Horshoe crabs have been around for 250 million years nearly completely unchanged by evolution, so they have been around for one galactic year... But nobody ever seems to talk about them...
Officially, what came before sharks are classified as a different division with "shark-like morphology", but they aren't sharks.
Sharks have existed for longer than the North Star, though. So there's that.
The oldest fossils known are stromatolite fossils from 3.48 billion years ago. There are living stromatolites today. They predate Earth having significant oxygen in its atmosphere, because the cyanobacteria that formed them created the oxygen gas through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide. They've orbited the galaxy over fifteen times.
They are older than trees. The very concept of trees.
Trees are 385 million years old. Sharks are 200 million years old. Trees still out-date sharks.
Although... Trees have evolved multiple times in Earth's history... So sharks are certainly older than certain trees. But not older than the whole tree concept thing.
They're older than the North Star
Now that you mention it. The dinosaurs have not seen the North Star. Didn't think of it.
I don't see it.
Some fun geography one's.
Maine is the closest US state to Africa.
Alaska is the northern most, Western most, and Eastern most state in the US.
My favorite geography one: You get on a plane at Tampa Bay, Florida and fly due south. Which South American countries do you fly over?
Answer is none of them. You miss the entire continent because you are too far west.
It's close, though. IIRC, you can't say the same thing about Miami.
My favorite geography fact is that, if you're on the northern edge of Brazil, you're actually closer to Canada than you are to the southern border of Brazil.
Makes me think of Texas. Only 1/3 of my trip is getting to Texas. 2/3 is trying to get to where my family is at lol
My favourite geography fact is that when traveling along the Panama canal from the Caribbean sea to the Pacific, you're further east when you exit than when you entered.
That's a great one.
Explain plz 😧
For the Alaska one, the Aleutian Islands extend beyond the 180° line of longitude, placing the tip of them within the eastern hemisphere.
It basically just boils down to the earth isn't flat. So something like this
The Alaska one North and West are obvious, but there are some islands that cross the date line, making them technically east.
Someone else posted a graphic, but basically Maine is significantly farther east which cancels out the North/South difference of other states.
Time being a physical dimension in spacetime that can stretch and squish and 'now' isn't the same for every observer is probably the least intuitive one I know
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity
Wibbly wobbly timey wimey
Everything about fecal transplant. Or maybe just the fact that it is even a legitimate medical procedure
“You want my thesis? I hate college!! My thesis is going to be about taking a SHIT up your ASS!”
(Four years later)
“Wow, Mr. Blake! The results of your medical trial were astounding! These are excellent results!”
“Wait…huh?”
That really is a shitshow, indeed.
Not fun fact: That's how I became lactose intolerant
https://youtu.be/ZRQY_-L3hiQ
You know, as a society we look down on people who are into poo, but they really do be kind important tbh.
If you're not familiar with the flavors of quarks, they probably seem fake.
Of course they all have antimatter counterparts. But anti-up is not the same as a down quark, anti-top is not the same as a bottom quark, etc.
I do want to hear the story of the physicist when they got to making up the names for charm and just strange. I imagine many sleepless nights.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
I bet it was a shitty placeholder name
Top, looking for Strange
dont they also have a different SPin too, im not a physics geek, but i did take some remedial astronomy/physics courses.
Yep, quarks are spin-1/2 particles. They also have electric charge and color charge (strong nuclear force).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
Earth's atmosphere extends well beyond the moon
I didn't read the whole paper obviously but this part makes it sound like you're talking about the exosphere in which, by definition, there might be more gas molecules than elsewhere but few enough that they're unlikely to run into them, or they're unlikely to run into each other maybe IDK.
Obviously, if there was a significant atmosphere the moon would experience atmospheric drag and would fall to earth.
Would it?
The Moon is slowly drifting further away because Earth's rotation is significantly faster than the lunar orbit. Some of Earth's rotational energy is bled into the lunar orbit, causing it to increase in height, which in turn lowers its orbital period.
If there was a significant atmosphere for Earth at that height, you'd think it would actually give the Moon a boost
Trans people don't have advantage in sports
also men aren't inherently stronger than women. the sex segregation in sports is purely sectarian
It depends what you mean. Testosterone makes a difference. It improves blood oxygen levels and cardio capacity, and it increases strength (it's a steroid).
And depending on the context, the difference is larger. Men tend to have stronger hand grip than women for example, to the extent, there is very little overlap. But if you look at leg strength, the distributions are different, but they overlap significantly. And when you start to look at things like long distance endurance events, the distributions are even closer.
However, none of those things align with "men" or "women". They align with "the dominant sex hormone in your body", and your capacity shifts as your sex hormones shift.
That is an interesting one.
I recall many years a group arm wrestle competition we all got into.
Men and women, we were all having fun.
Without exception, every single guy beat every single woman. And usually easily.
I'm genuinely surprised by your statement.
I also do pilates regularly. I'm a pretty avg size guy. I'm higher in strength setups (springs, angles, etc) than nearly everyone there, except the other men.
Where are you seeing what you're describing?
It's almost like cultural factors discourage most women from growing muscle, but encourages men to gain muscles
But that would be impossible
I would say the women in my class are incredibly strong. They have excellent muscle development, and compared to non fitness folk, are almost intimidating.
But, by and large, they're not as strong as the men in the class for raw power.
The maximum output of a person with testosterone is higher, but funnily enough going on MtF HRT one of the main focus is to reduce the levels of testosterone, in fact in most tests trans MtF athletes have lower T levels than cis female athletes
If you get methanol poisoning for example from badly made liquor then the remedy for that is to drink ethanol (good liquor).
I always keep a bottle of medicinal vodka around.
Also glycol poisoning. Like if you drink antifreeze for your car, one treatment is to drink a bunch of alcohol so the liver processes the alcohol and not the ethelyne glycol.
thanks for the tip, now im less likely to be poisoned by an assassin.
Is this for real? Any links? Not doubting you but it's always been a dark thought I can't push away about accidentally drinking that stuff.
This one talks about injecting ethanol straight into the veins for quick absorption. https://scienceinsights.org/treating-ethylene-glycol-poisoning-antidotes-and-dialysis/
Or this one. Skip to "ethanol treatment" https://archive.cdc.gov/www_atsdr_cdc_gov/csem/ethylene-propylene-glycol/treatment.html
I saw on TV where a woman tried to poison her husband with antifreeze, but since it was mixed with alcohol it took him more than a week to die.
Same with acetaminophen poisoning.
Trigger Warning: Existential Crisis
::: spoiler spoiler Everything about us is young in the context of the wider universe. Human society, the human species, the planet earth, our solar system, our sun. We live near the dawn of creation, even though our universe feels unimaginably old compared to our brief lives. As the skies darken and all the stars burn out, that will take course over a time period longer than our individual solar system will last. When the last light goes out, time doesn't stop, no the universe goes on and there's an even longer period of endless empty inky blackness, the deep void. In the end, the universe may spend significantly more time as an endless dead void than it ever did as a universe with hope of life and at least one planet with confirmed organic life. There is no escaping it, and there is probably no way for our species to even survive and adapt to that era as it is. :::
One of the possible answers to the Fermi Paradox is simply we're the first.
We could be the great scourge of this part of the universe. Expanding recklessly through galaxies in the local group, leaving only the dead husks of stars that have been stripped of all usable energy. The exponential nature of scientific discovery means that not only do we have a head start, our head start compounds as time progresses. We become a horrific but very efficient war machine for the sole purpose of controlling and exploiting all available forms of energy for profit. We seem like we're on that path.
/c/humansarespaceorcs
To be fair its likely to be the most probable answer.
Whilst intelligent life is probably quite common at specific points in time, it isnt common at the same time, and if it is the distances involved are so vast it means we will never know they exist.
The best we can hope for in all likelihood is that we stumble on the ruins of some other species that died out millions of years ago.
Or we stumble on a bunch of blue monkeys who are as intelligent as dogs, but in 50 million years they will be the ones finding the ruins of our civilisation.
Not if they have the misfortune to be found by us they wont.
The flip side of this is that black hole entropy farming could keep simulated human consciousness alive for billions of years orbiting just outside the event horizon as we transition into the early stages of heat death, meaning that if this is possible, the statistically overwhelming portion of all human consciousness will exist in this state, making it a near statistic certainty that is what you are currently experiencing.
And it's the most likely solution. The universe has been hostile to life until very recently (on a cosmological scale). We know we're rather early in the goldilocks zone of universal habitability.
I just find it odd when some people argue "humans aren't special enough to be that lucky. We're too stupid to achieve more". It's odd because calling humans stupid is actually arguing that humans are exceptional. Meanwhile you don't have to be exceptional to be lucky.
And if you're wondering, it's Lex Friedman that argues this. And no, I don't listen to him anymore. I stopped once over 50% of the people he interviewed were just AI and crypto shills
That's not an answer, because if life is common, then the chance of us being the first is minuscule.
Lets say that life can only form around main sequence G type stars (ie, like our sun). There is no reason to believe this is true, but lets say it is for this example. The universe is 14 billion years old, and the sun is 4.5 billion years old. Lets round it to 4 billion years old when life first formed.
Now, the earliest G type stars formed approximately 1 billion years after the universe formed. Lets say that life can only develop when those stars were at least 4 billion years old. That puts the earliest possible scenario where life formed at 5 billion years after the universe formed, and that was 9 billion years ago. Low balling it, there are approximately 7 billion g type main sequence stars current in our galaxy.
All together, that means the chance of us simply being the first is very low, and if we are the first, then life isn't common, and if life isn't common, the underlying reason for that is the answer to the fermi paradox.
The Kurzgesagt video about this is really, definitely worth a watch.
A friend asked me if I'd have the option to live forever, would I? No; I don't want to spend eternity floating around the galaxy.
I would, i'd dedicate my life to remembering
Breast implants can squeak.
wait they should make special ones that are like a squeaky toy and squeak when you squeeze them i would get those that would be really funny
Could be risky. My dog loves tearing out the squeaker things from anything that has one.
That would be like having sex with Wimp Lo from Kung Pow.
Except nobody's gonna bang Wimp Lo.
You could fuck him wrong.. As a joke.
And yet...... He's still the winner
related: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/1XXirS_PzTA
basically what i did right after making that comment except i used a rubber duck
I like the cut of your jib.
How does one get grants for this type of research? Asking for a friend.
Right, just like bags of sand
Lmaoooo
If you rub two creatures together just right you get another creature of mostly the same type a little bit later.
What is this Pokemon shit doing in my science?? /s
What is this shit science doing in my pokemon!?
Hey you got your Pokemon in my science!
Hey guys, did you know that in terms of male human and female Pokémon breeding, Vaporeon is the most compatible Pokémon for humans? Not only are they in the field egg group, which is mostly comprised of mammals, Vaporeon are an average of 3”03’ tall and 63.9 pounds, this means they’re large enough to be able handle human dicks, and with their impressive Base Stats for HP and access to Acid Armor, you can be rough with one. Due to their mostly water based biology, there’s no doubt in my mind that an aroused Vaporeon would be incredibly wet, so wet that you could easily have sex with one for hours without getting sore. They can also learn the moves Attract, Baby-Doll Eyes, Captivate, Charm, and Tail Whip, along with not having fur to hide nipples, so it’d be incredibly easy for one to get you in the mood. With their abilities Water Absorb and Hydration, they can easily recover from fatigue with enough water. No other Pokémon comes close to this level of compatibility. Also, fun fact, if you pull out enough, you can make your Vaporeon turn white. Vaporeon is literally built for human dick. Ungodly defense stat+high HP pool+Acid Armor means it can take cock all day, all shapes and sizes and still come for more
And if they're incompatible creatures, you could also end up with scratches.
Despite plants being associated with the color green, chlorophyll is actually a poor absorber of green wavelengths of light.
Hence the reason plants are green, because they absorb the blue and red wavelengths of light, but reflect the green.
That's just how colour works.
Yep, but it is confusing for many, if not most people. A lot of people simply don't understand why plant growth lights are pinkish-violet, not green.
I teach art classes. People seem to get it.
And? I talk to non-art students. If you never have to think about it, most people won't. I promise you, there are plenty of "obvious" topics you are oblivious to and misunderstand. We all have them.
I don't teach art students, I teach one-off classes to teens and adults.
Really shitty ones are. High quality grow lights use full-spectrum lights including far-red and infrared, and are proven to be more effective than the so called "blurple" temu lights
And you can see sooo much of the infrared and ultraviolet part of the spectrum. What you see is still a kind of pinkish-violet.
By the way, no LED based light is "full spectrum". That is a common lie. Growth lights have violet-blue LEDs in the 200-400nm range, and red ones in the 600-800nm range.
If you do a spectrum analysis of any LED light, you will see distinctive, narrow peaks around the LEDs core frequencies, usually with a bandwidth of 12-40nm.
For absortion ranges of Chlorophyll A and B, see for example https://www.mpsd.mpg.de/17628/2015-04-chlorophyll-rubio
That's the case for most things of any colour.
From what I recall, the reason why they specifically reflect the green is to moderate the amount of sunlight they absorb.
Hence, if plant life exists, around red dwarfs, it is likely to be red in color.
purple i believe would be pretty extreme. in SGU show they found a planet with purple plants because of the red dwarf. there are plenty of plants irl that are purple though.
Yes, just like all plants on earth are yellow.
The sun isn't exactly yellow
If you want to split up the emission spectrum, a red dwarf isn't exactly red, either.
That aside, if the sun were yellow, we wouldn't see other colors than yellow.
We absolutely would. Aside from the fact that our sun is called A Yellow Sun both colloquially and in astronomy (source: took astronomy, was in astronomy club, still have astronomy textbooks that say "Our sun is a yellow sun,") I'm not sure you know what an emission spectrum is.
Why would we see other colours? Because there are elements that emit different wavelengths when heated, and like, uranium and shit.
I've not heard the term emission spectrum before today but it isn't hard to understand what it is if you're interested in astronomy and science like the two of us are.
Interesting detail about emitting light when heated, but surely that isn't particularly common and powerful enough to show the variety of color we see with our white-light sun?
Why are you being so condescending in this thread and still missing the root of the point? The sun's emission spectrum has more green in the visible band than the other colors. The emission spectrum you keep mentioning. By wavelength distribution, the sun would be "green". But, because our eyes are terrible spectrometers with bad wavelength resolution but we still like to use crayon descriptions, all the red and green gets interpreted as a combined yellow. You made a snobby comment about how all your art students understand how paint (subtractive) color works, but are you aware how light (additive) color works? Like why an RGB light can make yellow with red and green? Because that's what makes our yellow sun "green" by certain metrics.
So it stands to reason that if plants were predominantly green on Earth to reject and regulate green-wavelength energy from our sun, a red dwarf, which has more red output, could cause red plants to develop.
A red dwarf isn't exactly red. Our sun isn't exactly yellow. Our sun isn't exactly green, either.
The tone in which you read is up to you.
Yeah, it's more green.
Lots of plants which are naturally adapted to shade growth actually do turn redish in direct light. Lots of the more exotic and fancy looking ferns and begonias get their unique patterns and colors from this being bred into the cultivar.
and plants become darker green if they are partially or almost fully shaded.
In other news, the sun is hot!
The sun is not a place where we could live
I'd almost say the same about the Earth, recently
Sure, but that's not a TMBG song :P
Had to look them up, I'm not familiar. And I won't be after the song I heard 😒
Fantastic band from the 90's, also responsible for The music of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.
If the song you listened to was "Why Does the Sun Shine," you should know they didn't actually write that one (it's from a 50's educational record they liked as kids) and it's not very representative of their ouvre. They've even released a follow-up track ("Why does the sun really shine?") which corrects a lot of that one. It starts with the line "The sun is a miasma of incandescent plasma, the sun's not simply made out of gas, no no!"
Everything on it is a gas
But here on Earth there'd be no life without the light it gives?
You can see where the pacific ocean meets the atlanic ocean
You can also see where the Baltic Sea meets the North Sea. Waves are rolling in from two directions.
EDIT: Looking further into this, the Kiel Canal which connects Baltic and North Sea is by some metric the world's busiest canal. TIL!
In Panama?
Nope. Out in the open ocean
Every single one of us is travelling through space on a tiny speck of dirt, circling a permanent explosion that doesn't know how to stop itself at 30km/s.
That explosion and multiple specks of dirt besides our own dance around the center of the galaxy in a complex ballet with 200 billion other permanently exploding balls of fire and plasma, many of which are sizeably larger than ours and also have collected pieces of dirt circling around them, at a speed of 200km/s. The center of this agglomeration of giant balls of fire and dirt is a... thing... that is in itself so massive it can't help eating everything that comes near including suns, light, and the concept of time.
And there, travelling around the center of the galaxy at 200km/s, spiraling around your sun at 30km/s, there is you. And somehow you have to work tomorrow.
Juuust reeee-member that you're standing on a planet that's evolving, and revolving at 900 miles an hour...
I was thinking about putting a reference to that in, but decided it would be a bit trite.
So full of it. I don't work on Saturday.
Bonus fact. A significant amount of sea level rise due to climate change is caused by thermal expansion of the water.
Everything that's made of atoms is 99.9999999% empty (if it is indeed correct, I don't have much scientific knowledge)
https://medium.com/illumination/why-solid-matter-is-mostly-empty-space-03f42e95c03f
The Kings Chamber in the great pyramid of Egypt maintains an average temperature of 68°F (20°C).
HVAC companies hate this one weird trick! Build a bloody pyramid around your house and you won't need heat or AC.
I don't know, that seems kind of right to me.
Kind of like the cheddar cave but for different reasons and different temperatures. Well, actually, the only similarity is regulation.
There are over 100 volcanos on Antarctica
I like this fact and as a geologist I’m a little numb to facts about the Earth. At some level, all land on Earth has a volcanic origin by virtue of us having a molten core, a rigid mantle, and a crusty crust that seeps magma/lava. Time metamorphoses and sediments the rock in different ways. Antarctica just had the misfortune of migrating to the South Pole where millions of years of snow fall lead to its icy encapsulation.
The good news is it's all melting! Antarctica can be free!
Active or dorment?
Active. Not immediately spewing lava, but they aren't done.
Also, there's warm liquid water lakes underneath parts of the antarctic ice as well. And they're caused by geothermal vents, not global warming
The average human being has (approximately) one testicle and one ovary.
and less than two arms!
The average human has more than one brain
Hmmm. I don't beleive this one. I know a lot more brainless people than I know multi-brain people.
Oh you fucke-
France is bigger at Christmas than at Easter.
Reason: Pheasant Island.
Frances longest border is with brazil
Bloodletting is still a legitimate medical treatment, now called therapeutic phlebotomy.
Some medicines, like testosterone, can increase your hemoglobin or blood count, so donating blood is the fix for it.
Hemochromatosis, too. Body doesn't eliminate iron so it can build up in organs, notably liver and kidneys.
The treatment is bloodletting. My wife wanted to get leeches. I settled for just donating 32 times in the first year after finding out. My ferritin count was 9 times the usual max for a man my age. My gallbladder fluid was carrying iron. I was Iron Man.
You're a hero, Iron Man!
A leech tank would be pretty metal though. Like, imagine the medieval lord aura of leeching at a dinner party.
I have loaches, so we're kinda close, like rhymingly.
And this is our mailbox.
And I do a lot of hardscaping with stone. So pretty medieval around here.
Testosterone, even when taken at supraphysiologic dosages, rarely causes erythrocytosis to an extent that therapeutic phlebotomy is necessary.
Other anabolic steroids, particularly Equipoise (aka Boldenone), increase red blood cell count significantly more than testosterone.
people still believe the moon landing/launches are all cgi made up even to this day, seems very prominent amongst older asians believing in this conspiracy.
Its also very prominent among ignorant morons.
Everything is a conspiracy if you're too stupid to understand how anything works.
so like, there's a whole lot of nothing to do out in the boonies. talking about conspiracy theories and making up new ones is fun entertainment. now believing in them? you always got someone who takes shit too seriously and needs to be taken aside, have things explained to. but most of the folk take the stories like you would a radio show, movie, or sermon.
Yeah, most people don't believe in them. But a concerning amount of people do. I've been keeping up with conspiracy people since early 2010s. There's a huge amount of idiots who take that shit seriously. They are mostly led by grifters who sell snake oil to the morons but some of the leaders are also absolute imbeciles who believe this shit.
Sometimes its genuinely scary how many there are. If I had to guess, I'd say about 15-20% of people believe on one or more stupid conspiracy theory. Thats a LOT.
my mother used to listen to art bell "to laugh at the weirdos" (until i noticed and pointed out the racism in the show) but we did enjoy listening to a good bigfoot or ufo story. especially since my extended family had a bigfoot costume we liked to bust out at family reunions. you had to be in your 40s or... i don't know what i did to get the secret insider knowledge it was a costume and not actually bigfoot. I think everyone thought i was going to die so i got all the family secrets early.
Yeah I know a few people who like to watch/listen to the conspiracy weirdos for entertainment. And thats fine.
I used to read conspiracy theories in the same way I used to read ghost stories and such. It was just a different kind of fiction, something that felt that it could be real. These days the stupidity is too much and I can't deal with getting the stuff from the source, I have to use intermediates like Professor Dave Explains, SciManDan, etc youtube channel people.
Ethanol can help protect your liver from the damage an acetaminophen overdose causes.
You'd think that doubling up on liver harming substances would have an additive effect, but nope.
Similarly, ethanol can help protect you from the poisonous effects of methanol (wood alcohol). Methanol by itself isn’t actually harmful, but it gets broken down into harmful byproducts that will make you go blind and then kill you.
The enzyme responsible for breaking down methanol is also used to break down ethanol. And enzymes have a limited capacity for work. In other words, they can only break down a certain number of molecules at any given time. And the enzyme is more compatible with ethanol than methanol.
So if you suspect someone drank methanol, (it is a common ingredient in antifreeze), you should have them start taking shots. Pump them full of as much liquor as possible, as quickly as possible. Get them absolutely shitfaced ASAP, and keep them wasted until they get to the hospital. It will prevent the vast majority of the methanol from being broken down, which will prevent the actual poisoning from happening.
It's ethylene glycol that's commonly in antifreeze, but ethanol protects against that too. I believe methanol is common in windshield wiper fluid, though.
sounds like the modern automobile is a treasure trove of delicious treats.
Why do you think so many fluids are juice colors?
I think all my problems could be solved with a nice big glass of Window fluid or Antifreeze.
Pretty much. Mazda had an issue with spiders attracted to gasoline clogging up fuel systems while being shipped overseas. And soy-based wire sheathing is apparently quite the delicacy to certain animals.
There are more grains of sand on the planet Earth than there are stars in the solar system.
Our solar system? So, more than 1?
Yeah. It's like saying what weights more, a KG of iron or a KG or feathers.
That's right, it's a kilogramme of steel, because steel is heavier than feathers!
At standard temperature and pressure, the iron. You gave a unit of mass but asked which weighs more. The feathers are more buoyant. Both negatively buoyant in air of course, but the feathers less so.
Kg of iron. Iron is heavier than feathers
No, you see, they're both a kilogram, Limmy.
This only works when you speak 'MURICAN.
I saw a video a while back of a pair of young women in a car. Passenger says to driver how many miles do you drive if you're driving 60mph, for one hour. She really couldn't figure it out.
Stops and acceleration time are things.
Rabbits must eat special poop straight from their butt as a part of a healthy diet.
What about other rabbits' poop?
I haven’t seen it happen, but I wouldn’t be surprised.
My girl bun does stick her nose up my boy bun’s butt sometimes. But I think that’s just to nip his thighs and get him to move out of her way lol
Oh! I forgot, mama rabbits feed their special poops to their babies. So the answer is, yes, they do eat other rabbit’s poops.
The Appalachian Mountains are older than trees.
Sharks are older than The North Star
Like the sharks swimming right now
Nah, just the same branch, the generic term like how Homo Neanderthalis is in the generic group of "Human"
Well… some
speciesdivisions live for hundreds of years. So there may be some swimming around older than when some younger countries were founded.Eel don't have genitalia.
Well, eels only have genitalia for a very short and specific portion of their life cycle.
It's wild that this discovery happened only a few weeks ago.
Wait, it did? Do you have a link? All I can find are links to older articles.
Huh, I swear there was an article earlier this month about them finally discovering that eels temporarily grow sex organs to mate, but it looks like they discovered spawning grounds in '22.
Maybe the discovery was the temporary sex organs.
This is why they don't have the censored in Japan
Hot liquids can freeze faster than colder ones Mpemba effect
Looking this up, I just realized that Francis Bacon and Roger Bacon were different people.
Knowledge is power. France is bacon.
Don't leave poor Kevin out
I bet that family got taste!
Meanwhile you're completely ignoring Michael.
Who the fuck is Micheal Bacon?!
Are you rinding me up??
Literally the other half of The Bacon Brothers!? That's who you meant, right? Kevin Bacon, the singer? Well, he didn't become famous alone.
First time I've heard of Hermanos Beicon
Many studies of this are actually ambiguous!.
But ambiguity arraises from the lack of a coherent explanation, because there are so many parameters to consider when doing the experiment (especially when doing this with water). Therefore hot liquids can freeze faster than cold ones. Its not a must. That it can happen is proven. A quite entertaining read about the general phenomenon can be found here
No, it doesn't. The ambiguity rises from the fact that it's not that repeatable. There are many experiments that don't find this phenomenon to exist when they test it. Then there's some that do. That's the problem.
My memory is that the majority of them find that it doesn't exist and that a small minority find that it does.
This is not contradicting. It can happen . but I was talking about liquids in general.
Similarly, hot water for ice cubes, room temperature for thawing. I've heard adding white vinegar accelerate thawing but idk?
Males can lactate apparently.
Still can't sleep at night.
I have nipple, can you milk me?
Of course hon! 12$/h
Am man. Can confirm.
Anyone can lactate with a course of lactation inducing medication (of which there are several iirc)
Or with about 30 days of stimulation training, which basically involves using a pump on your nipples multiple times a day.
Males have all the mammary glands plumbing already built in?
They do, they have breast tissue, even if very little. Which also means that men can get breast cancer.
A male neighbor died from breast cancer in the last decade.
But women have milk ducts, an essential body part to develop & channel milk. Do men have milk ducts?
Milk ducts are just a specialized sweat glands, it's not the same but it works.
Yes.
Men are fully equipped to lactate. They just typically lack the hormones or stimulation to trigger it naturally.
I thought it was a disorder.
...
So you are telling me I can legit be a hu-cow and have...
...people eat/drink a part of me? 🤩
You can have you-milk on your cereal in the morning.
traveling back in time is not mathematically disallowed by the general relativity.
in fact there is a lot of work done on the topic, and lots of potential scenarios proposed (which usually involve describing the space-time warped into weird 4D shapes). what GR does tell you is what kind of matter/energy would produce such spaces (since in GR these two are intertwined), and that's kind of where common sense works again: most proposed geometries do require either negative energy densities or mathematical singularities (which to be fair are not impossible, but we kinda never seen that, aside from dark energy).
on the other hand -- faster-than-light travel is also possible -- albeit with similar constraints.
Moving mass backwards through time isn't strictly mathematically disallowed. Idk what it's going to look like when it arrives, though.
What does a Tachyon even look like?
i didn't mean purely mathematically. but from the physics standpoint. in other words, if you provide enough dark energy and shape it into a specific configuration, it will generate space-time where time travel is possible in practice.
"How much ya got?"
"Well, it's a purely theoretical substance. But theoretically we've got more of that than all the regular energy in the known universe."
I want to say that'll be the easy part, but I guess it really depends how abstract of a shape we're talking about and how malleable dark energy ends up being.
Our planet once ate another, smaller, planet.
Modern physics is full of assumptions and placeholders for the generally accepted theories to work such the dark matter, dark energy, the inflation field, quantum gravity and gravitons etc... We don't really know what they are, they are basically mathematical requirements for the currently accepted theories to work.