remember that it can get messed up when you copy a partition in use. you should use a live system (boot from usb or cdrom) to do the copying.

depends on what you are looking for. grml and kali are linux distros that focus on diagnosing.

librewolf, among others (keepass, luks/cryptsetup, ...)

I dont know about kanban but the other stuff can be achieved via webdav. All major webservers can do that or you just use filebrowser.org (a selfhosted webdav server with built-in user management).

just use dd with option conv=fsync and a reasonable blocksize like bs=1M. make sure you know which ssd is the one you read from and which you write to. command lsblk might be helpful here.