The more important forces in aviation have to do with the air masses aircraft fly through. Coriolis force does deflect winds to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere, but that is more relevant to how cyclonic vs anti-cyclonic flow works for weather systems, and is insignificant at the speeds aircraft operating in.

They do, actually. The direct effects of the earths rotation on an aircraft are much smaller than the effects of localized aerodynamic forces: winds, updrafts, etc. You mentioned pendulums: the pendulums you're talking about are swinging indoors, protected from the wind. Imagine trying to observe the rotational effects of the earth on a pendulum exposed to hurricane-force winds. Such winds will have a far greater effect on the motion of the pendulum, masking any rotational influence. It still exists, technically, but it's a relatively minor effect.

However, indirectly, the earths rotation causes "Coriolis effects" on air masses moving toward or away from the poles. This influences weather patterns at all scales, which has massive influence on air travel.

They do. Just airplanes have control and tend to correct before the effects are noticeable

They do, but they constantly steer against it.

They are two different things: the space shuttle gets a boost of speed from the speed of the rotating earth, while the pendulum is undergoing precession.

The difference between airplanes and the spacecraft is that airplanes move through a 'static' atmosphere with friction which just leaves them moving point A to B. Whereas spacecraft are accelerating into space, into virtually no friction, so having that speed of the earth to start off with is a bonus.

The pendulum only gets friction in the same direction of it's swing, however the earth's rotation introduces the precession. The frictional forces on an airplane are mad and everywhere on the plane, with the plane constantly adjusting so precession would have no effect on its path.