While the independent Imperial report itself does not single out the Ulez or any other policy, Khan said: “The evidence is now overwhelming and unarguable: the bold action we have taken in London has reduced pollution, improved public health and saved lives.

“This latest data shows why expanding Ulez London-wide was even more important than we previously thought and is transforming lives right across our capital.”

The Ulez was launched in 2019 in central London and widened across inner boroughs in 2021.

Vehicles that fail to comply with emission standards – typically those with diesel engines from before 2015 or petrol from before 2004 – have to pay a daily charge, starting from £12.50 for cars. The overwhelming majority of vehicles driving in the zone, about 97%, are now compliant.