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academic researchers/readers of mastodon: is there a solid historical book (books?) that documents and explores the transition from the mechanical age to the age of “modern” technology as someone like
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two weeks ago i posed what i thought would be a rather straightforward historical research question, which went unanswered. i wondered: what did the people of the middle ages (peasants, villagers, blacksmiths, monks, abbots, knights, etc) think of technological change in their time? was it seen as a boon for replacing manual labour? a threat to everyday craftspeople and craftsmanship? a new evil at odds with moral duty to god?
just cobbling together a reading list to begin answering the question was itself a week's worth of work. finally, today i began finding direct answers to the question in Frances and Joseph Gies' "Cathedral, Forge and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages."
while everyday people like serfs and peasants beliefs are not covered due to a lack of historical records, its early chapters provide some insight from the medieval monastic orders. the answer? the various churches were openly ambivalent, but *not* openly opposed to technological change and invention.
Why did the churches not openly embrace technologies?
... for many years monastic orders like the Benedictines and Cistercians saw manual labour as critical for self-sufficiency and spiritual development. When technologies that allowed for reduced manual labour became available, monastic orders began questioning their potential value in relation to their relation to God.
Why did monastic theologians not openly reject technologies that would relieve them of physical burdens?
... because most of these orders retained an old Greek suspicion and distaste for what Aristotle called "banaustic arts" (or utilitarian arts like crafting and manual labour. These were seen as important for living, but a distraction from intellectual life. Technology's promise was that it could relieve a monk from the banaustic realities of carpentry and millwork and stonemasonry, and let them practice prayer and writing and intellectual pursuits without time/energy-consuming distractions.
A picture of the middle ages is beginning to emerge that is not unlike our own in modernity: technology was seen in relation to its potential for reducing labour. what is different between then and now is that a person's relationship with God was at stake in the middle ages. few today believe that manual labour "keeps us honest".
in other words: technology in the middle ages was understood as both spiritual and instrumental